Data Record A1 - Expanded Version of the Appendix of Proveniences, Including Artifact by Minimal Provenience

Line #. This column sorts to stratigraphic order within a given excavation unit (an ordering not fully reproduced by sorting by provenience).

Provenience. Full minimal provenience (see Chapter 2 for comments on abbreviations).

Refuse Sample. Initial Refuse Sample identifier (see Chapter 2).

Form of Recovery. Screened versus unscreened deposits

CeramAnalysis. A through E; see Table 2.2.

Site. This and the following are individual elements of the provenience, to allow sorting by mound, unit, and so forth.

Mound.

Unit.

Lot or Level.

Feature #.

Ceramic complex(es) present. Sherds of the listed complexes were present in the rim assemblage from the unit.

Phase of deposition. Best assessment for phase of deposition of the unit, based on both stratigraphy and artifacts.

Phase (of materials, most likely). The most likely phase for materials in this unit based on all available evidence.

Context. The general type of context (midden, platform fill, etc.).

Phase(RefuseStudySample). Most likely phase of materials, provided only for units included in the Refuse Study Sample.

Phase(RefuseStudySample, sorts in chron. order). Same as the previous, but the phases will sort in chronological order because of appended numbers.

Volume Excavated (m³). Calculated from plans, with depths measured by line level.

Count of Sherds.

Wt of Sherds (kg). Weight of sherds.

Est # Sherds. Same as “count of sherds” except estimates are provided here for the total numbers of sherds in units for which such data are missing (e.g., units with level E ceramic analysis).

Effigy Frags. Total count of effigy fragments.

Rattle Frags. Total count of rattle fragments.

CenserFrag. Total count of censer fragments.

Hollow Fig-Head frag. Total count of hollow figurine head fragments.

Hollow Fig-Body frag. Total count of hollow figurine body fragments.

Hollow Fig-Limb frag. Total count of hollow figurine limb fragments and hollow figurine fragments unidentified to body part.

Solid Fig-Head Frag. Total count of solid figurine head fragments.

Solid Fig-Body Frag. Total count of solid figurine body fragments.

Solid Fig-Limb Frag. Total count of solid figurine limb fragments.

Cylinder seal. Total count of fragments of stamps and cylinder seals.

Spatula. Total count of spatula fragments.

Ceramic Bead. Total count of fragments of ceramic beads.

SpndlWhrl-Modeled. Total count of fragments of modeled spindle whorls.

Cylindrical Net Weight. Total count of fragments of cylindrical net weights.

Whistle. Total count of fragments of whistles.

Earspool frag. Total count of fragments of ear ornaments.

UnidWrkdShd-Unspecified. Total count of miscellaneous worked sherds.

Circular-WrkdShd. Total count of circular worked sherds.

WrkdShd-Perf-Round. Total count of round, perforated worked sherds.

WrkdShd-Round-IncompletePerf. Total count of round and incompletely perforated worked sherds.

Lid-WrkdShd. Total count of worked sherd pot lids.

ShapedShdNotRound. Total count of shaped sherds in a shape other than round.

PendantTrianShd. Total count of triangular sherd pendants.

NtWt-WrkdSherd. Total count of worked sherd net weights.

NotchdSherdMisc. Total count of miscellaneous notched sherds.

ShdPotScrpr. Total count of sherd pot scrapers.

ShdScrprPerpendic. Total count of sherd scrapers used perpendicular to the work surface.

ShdShaftSmthr. Total count of sherd shaft smoothers

ShdFinePolishr. Total count of sherd of fine polishers

ShdSmthr. Total count of sherd smoothers.

ShdWhetstone. Total count of sherd whetstones.

Sherd Reamer. Total count of sherd reamers and reamer blanks.

Coil fired clay(vessel prod). Total count of accidentally fired coils of clay, indicative of production of ceramic vessels.

Tab fired clay (prod debris). Total count of accidentally fired tabs of clay.

Unfired ceramic object. Total count of unfired, molded-clay objects.

IronOrMir. Total count of fragments of iron ore mirrors.

JadeBead. Total count of greenstone beads.

JadePend. Total count of greenstone pendants.

JadeProd. Total count of greenstone fragments from the production of ornaments, including bead blanks.

SpStnBead. Total count of fragments of soap stone beads.

OthStnOrn. Total count of fragments of other stone ornaments not covered in the preceding variables.

Mica. Total count of fragments of mica.

SdsnDrill. Total count of fragments of sandstone drills.

SdsnSaw. Total count of fragments of sandstone saws.

SdsnMisc. Total count of miscellaneous sandstone grinding tools.

SdsnConcv. Total count of sandstone grinding tools with concave use surfaces.

SdsnGrvd. Total count of sandstone grinding tools with use in grooves..

SdsnUnUsd. Total count of unused fragments of sandstone.

Axe. Total count of axe fragments.

Pecking. Total count of pecking stones.

SmHamStn. Total count of small hammerstones.

Polisher. Total count of pebble polishers.

Polisher-TrianXsec. Total count of pebble polishers with triangular cross-sections.

PebblSmther. Total count of pebble smoothers.

HamBipolr. Total count of bipolar hammerstones.

Count of Obsidian. Total count of obsidian.

Wt. of Obsidian (g). Total weight of obsidian.

Count FCR. Total count of fire-cracked rock.

Wt FCR (kg). Total weight of fire-cracked rock.

Count Daub. Total count of daub.

Wt. of Daub (g). Total weight of daub.

Metate. Total count of fragments of metates.

Mano. Total count of mano fragments.

Pestle. Total count of pestle fragments.

GrndStnSphr. Total count of fragments of ground stone spheres.

Mortar. Total count of mortar fragments.

Mrtr/StnBwl. Total count of fragments of artifacts that were either mortars or stone bowls.

StoneBwl. Total count of stone bowl fragments.

HndStone. Total count of handstone fragments.

GrndStone. Total count of miscellaneous fragments of ground stone.

Pumice(#). Total count of fragments of pumice.

Pumice(g). Total weight of pumice fragments.

Pumice abrading tool. Total count of fragments of pumice abrading tools.

Pumice float. Total count of fragments of pumice floats.

Pumice pendant. Total count of pumice pendants.

Flake-chert. Total count of flakes of chert.

Flake-basalt. Total count of flakes of basalt.

Flake-MetamStone. Total count of flakes of metamorphic stone.

Flake unid. Total count of flakes of unidentified stone.

Flaked stone:other (see descr). Total count of other items of flaked stone.

Other stone artifacts. Items not listed in previous columns.

FishHook. Total count of fishhooks.

Antler. Total count of fragments are utilized antler.

Bone Orn. Total count of bone ornaments.

Awl/pinA-B-Unid. Total count of awls, pins A and B, and unidentified pins.

Bone WvingTool. Total count of fragments of bone objects likely used as weaving tools.

Bone unfinishd ring. Total count of fragments of unfinished bone rings.

Bone Prod.StrCut. Total count of bone debitage, string cut.

Bone Prod.FlkSw. Total count of bone debitage, cut with stone tools.

ToothCuttrOrthogeomys. Total count of utilized giant pocket gopher incisors.

Comments.

Excavations followed one of two basic methods, one for stratigraphic investigations, the other for extensive exposures.

Stratigraphic investigations were small test pits (generally 1 x 2 m) or trenches (generally in sections of 1 x 2 or 1 x 3 m) excavated in arbitrary 20 cm levels and usually screened top to bottom through a 5 mm mesh. Levels were sometimes excavated to conform to natural stratigraphy if stratigraphic changes were identified during excavation.

For the extensive excavations, a grid of 2 x 2 m units was laid out over the surface of the mound. Excavation proceeded by natural stratigraphic units. Excessively deep natural units were sometimes subdivided arbitrarily for more refined stratigraphic control.

Units thus defined stratigraphically and/or arbitrarily were referred to as lots, and each was given a unique number.

Lots had no preassigned size or shape but rather were defined by the excavator in accordance with each new stratigraphic situation encountered. In abbreviated provenience designations, lots or levels are preceded by a slash. Thus Md. 12 P5/13 refers to Level 13 of Test Pit 5, Mound 12, while Md. 12 E4/15 refers to Lot 15 in Grid Unit E4 at Mound 12 Since both arbitrary and natural criteria were used in defining levels (in the stratigraphic investigations) and lots (in the extensive exposures), these two forms of provenience designations sometimes resembled each other.

Levels, however, were always defined solely within individual test pits or trenches. As a result, levels with the same number in different test units are not necessarily correlated.

Lots, in the 1992–1993 excavations at Mounds 1 and 12, were not confined to the boundaries of individual excavation units but were defined within each excavation locale as a whole. Samples from the same lot number but different grid units are therefore from the same stratigraphic deposit. In 1997, during excavations of Mound 32 and Mz-250, a new system was introduced: lots were uniquely designated proveniences.

See Chapter 5 for further discussion of that system and how it differs from that used in 1992–1993.

A single, arbitrary, primary datum was established for each mound or off-mound excavation locale. The datum was generally 10 to 20 cm above the highest ground in each locale so that all depths could be expressed in centimeters below datum (cm bd). We used line levels and string to set up datum stakes near each excavation unit based on this primary datum. Beginning and ending depths for each lot or level, as well as depths of features or significant artifacts, were measured by line levels from these datum stakes.

Screening

Stratigraphic excavations were generally screened top to bottom through a 5 mm mesh. Selected units of the extensive excavations (and some of the trench sections at Mound 32) were not screened. Unscreened lots included deposits of slope wash or platform construction. All culturally significant lots, including occupation surfaces, floors, post holes, features, and midden deposits, were screened. All materials remaining in the screen, including ceramics, obsidian, jade, magnetite, bone, ground stone, fire-cracked rock, pumice fragments, burnt daub, and even pebbles, were retained for analysis in the laboratory. Burials, floors, structures, and post holes were numbered separately. Units that did not fall into one of those categories but that appeared to have cultural significance were labeled feature. The term floor was used to designate all living surfaces identified in the excavations, regardless of whether those were structure floors or simply patio or activity areas. We numbered cultural units of each class sequentially either within the site as a whole (burials) or within each mound or off-mound excavation locale (floors, post holes, and features). The remains of perishable buildings were numbered in reverse chronological order in each excavation locale (for example, Structure 1 is later than Structure 2). In these data records and the associated chapters, we refer to structures either by their full formal designation (for example, Mound 6 Structure 4) or in abbreviated form, with the mound number, a hyphen, and the structure number (Mound 6 Structure 4 becomes Structure 6-4, and Mound 1 Structure 2 becomes Structure 1-2). From 1990 through 1993, when we assigned numbers to features in the field, we usually did not also assign them lot or level numbers if they were removed as single units. Large or complicated features, however, were divided into multiple lots or levels. Thus Mound 12 Feature 19, a trash pit, was removed as a single unit and therefore does not also have any associated lot number, whereas Mound 12 Feature 2, a complex trash- and sediment-filled ditch, is divided into Lots 12, 13, 15, 19, and 22 where it appears in Units E3 and E4. The lack of a lot or level number associated with some features proved annoying as we worked with the data, and in the 1997 excavations, all features were assigned at least one lot number.

Most features were completely excavated upon identification. We took 2- to 4-liter sediment samples from trash-filled pits and midden deposits for flotation. Human burials were exposed using ice picks and paintbrushes. Bone preservation was fair to very poor. In several instances we applied a solution of Duco cement and acetone to the bones before removal in an attempt to keep them intact. Basic processing of the cultural materials was carried out concurrent with the excavations in a field laboratory. Artemio Villatoro of the New World Archaeological Foundation (NWAF) supervised the washing, sorting by material type, counting, and weighing of all materials. After the ceramics from each lot had been counted and weighed, they were sorted again to identify all rims, diagnostic body sherds, and slipped body sherds. Unslipped, non-diagnostic body sherds were then typically discarded. As of 2019, materials are still curated at the NWAF laboratory in San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas.

Naming

Several systems for designating excavation units have been employed. Ceja Tenorio (1985) excavated test pits, which he numbered sequentially irrespective of where they were located. Test Pits 1 through 3 were in Mound 1, while Test Pits 15 through 19 were in Mound 5, and so on. In 1990 a second system was initiated. In this system, test units were numbered sequentially, starting from 1, in each new mound investigated. Thus Michael Ryan excavated Mound 7 Test Pits 1, 2, and 3, while Lesure excavated Mound 12 Test Pit 1. At the same time, we retained Ceja’s sequential numeration for isolated off-mound tests, excavating Test Pits 27, 28, 29, and 30. In these data records and the associated book, test pits are referred to simply as pits, sometimes abbreviated as P. Thus P29 is Test Pit 29 and Md. 12 P5 is Test Pit 5 at Mound 12. Trenches at Mounds 12 and 32 were numbered and divided into lettered sections. Md. 12 T1E is Section E of Trench 1 at Mound 12, while Md. 32 T4F is Section F of Trench 4 at Mound 32. For the large, horizontal exposures at Mounds 1, 6, and 12, a grid of 2 x 2 m units was established on each mound. Rows along one axis were designated by letters, rows along the other axis by numbers. Each grid unit can thus be uniquely described by a letter and number combination, such as Unit E4, G7, and so forth.

Discovery of midden deposits in the off-mound Test Pit 32 prompted a gradual expansion of this test to 12 adjacent units covering 36.5 m2. The adjacent units were labeled with letters and sometimes numbers: Unit 32A, Unit 32B2, etc. (See Figure 6.11.) That excavation as a whole will be referred to as the Pit 32 excavation. The other off-mound location that saw significant excavation will be referred to as Mz-250. It was originally identified as a small site adjacent to Paso de la Amada, with the site code Mz-250 (Clark 1994a:163). Clark (2004a:Figure 2.5a) now includes this area as part of “greater Paso de la Amada.” The 11 units excavated in 1997 were numbered 1 through 11 in the order in which they were opened (Figure 6.16). The excavation as a whole is referred to with the original site designation, Mz-250, though we treat it as part of Paso de la Amada.

A constant concern during the excavations was the effort to trace boundaries of deposits accurately in order to retrieve clean samples of the cultural materials they contained. Our success varied according to characteristics of the deposit, and it was sometimes difficult to trace strata as we came down on them in extensive excavations, even when we had the profiles of tests pits or trenches as guides. The surfaces underlying the platforms in Mounds 1, 12, and 32 were identifiable in profile and generally traceable as we came down on them in the extensive excavations, though we did have some problems in a few units of Mounds 1 and 12. Pits penetrating into sterile substrata were generally identifiable from above based on color and/or texture of the matrix and the high density of artifacts. Their lower boundaries were also clear. Examples include Features 8 and 15 at Mound 1 and Features 2, 10, and 19 at Mound 12. Cherla-phase pits that penetrated into Locona/Ocós deposits were more of a challenge. Color and texture distinctions were difficult to follow or nonexistent, and we traced the boundaries of the pits mainly by noting changes in the density of artifacts. Examples include Feature 2 in Mound 11, Feature 1 in Test 29, and Feature 8 at Mound 32. Despite these challenges encountered during excavation, a more significant factor in the identification of appropriate samples for chronological and social analysis is mixing of materials in the original deposits. A background admixture of earlier and sometimes later materials was common in most deposits. The relatively unconsolidated nature of the sediments at the site and substantial earthen movement by the inhabitants yielded admixtures of earlier materials. Root action and the burrowing activities of rodents yielded admixture of both earlier and later materials.

Refuse units considered here were classified according to the existing Initial and Early Formative chronology for the Mazatán zone (Blake et al. 1995; Clark and Cheetham 2005; Clark personal communication). The phases are identified in Figure 1.4 and a seriation of refuse samples is discussed in Chapter 20. There are four principal phases involved: Barra (1900–1700 BC), Locona (1700–1500 BC), Ocós (1500–1400 BC), and Cherla (1400–1300 BC). Paso de la Amada appears to have been abandoned by the Cuadros phase (1300–1200 BC). There was ephemeral occupation in the Jocotal phase (1200–1000 BC), but none of the refuse samples considered in this volume dates later than the Cherla phase. No Barra-phase refuse deposits were discovered in the excavations reported in this volume. In addition to refuse samples identified as Locona, Ocós, and Cherla, certain units were identified as Early Locona (perhaps 1700 to 1650 BC) and others as Late Locona (perhaps 1500 or 1450 to 1400 BC).

Analysis of the materials took place between 1990 and 2017. Study of pottery was advanced to different levels for different proveniences. The levels are identified in Table 2.2. Level A involved the most detailed analyses of pottery. Rim sherds were individually recorded, including variables such as rim diameter and wall thickness. In addition, notes were recorded on significant body sherds (bases, decoration, vessel supports, etc.). Level B involved classification of rim sherds to type and form, the latter using the detailed set of codes presented in Chapter 8 (see Figure 8.1). Level C involved classification of rim sherds to type and an abbreviated set of form codes. Level D involved simply counting and weighing the sherds. The intent was for all units to be analyzed at least to Level D. However, the sherds from some units of the platform fill at Mound 1 were weighed but not counted. Level E is used to designate analysis that was restricted to weighing of sherds.

Missing data affect the analysis of some proveniences. Errors in the initial processing of artifacts from Mound 1 in the field laboratory led to loss of provenience information for 15 proveniences, mostly from the platform fill. Lab procedures were subsequently improved, and we did not encounter this problem again. None of the affected proveniences is included among the refuse samples used for analysis. Other instances of missing data involve specific classes of information from particular units. From several of the test pit excavations in 1990, we are missing some information, most distressingly the counts and weights of sherds from Test Pit 29, which yielded one of our Cherla refuse samples. (An estimate of the original weight of sherds from Level 6 and Feature 1 of Pit 29 has been used in analyses for this volume; see the discussion of that excavation in Chapter 6.) We appear to be missing a page from the record of fire-cracked rock and daub from Mound 1. Lots 9 and 10 from various grid units are affected. Stone tool data of various kinds are likewise missing from a few provenience units. Information on animal bone is uneven because of differential preservation and incomplete study of the collection. In the analyses in this volume, these instances of missing data are taken into consideration where possible and relevant, on a case-by-case basis.